导读：
1月19日与在美国波士顿的女儿谈天 ，她提及已经有近两周买不到鸡蛋 ，蛋液产品也销售一空 ，缘故原由是美国禽流感疾病带来的影响 ，虽然在2月初超市恢复了鸡蛋供应；1月13日与在必发365举行家禽手艺交流的荷兰皇家德赫斯公司蛋禽专家Arien相同 ，他谈到其时在荷兰每只蛋鸡的利润抵达了税前27欧元 ，云云高利润的缘故原由之一 ，也是由于欧洲禽流感带来的鸡只数镌汰的影响 ？杉 ，禽流感在西欧市场对鸡蛋消耗者和养殖从业者都爆发了显着的影响 。以是本期就禽流感的话题请JAN凭证相助同伴荷兰皇家德赫斯公司的手艺看法和他小我私家阅读的大宗文章 ，组织了这篇随笔 ，请各人尤其是体贴禽流感对公共卫生清静影响的人士相识 ，不须要爆发恐慌 。
在禽流感作为人畜共患病的危害方面 ，本文的看法是：现在没有证据批注禽流感可以通过食用任何市售食物（包括受污染的禽类产品）撒播给人类 。人类熏染禽流感的情形仍然有数 ，且迄今为止尚未发明人际撒播 。研究批注 ，禽流感病毒与禽类受体（α2,3唾液酸）连系 ，而非人类季节性流感病毒使用的受体（α2,6唾液酸） ，这是该病毒具有物种特异性且对人类没有危险的缘故原由之一 。天下卫生组织（WHO）、欧洲食物清静局（EFSA）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）的多家权威机构将禽流感对通俗公众的危害标记为“低” ，而对经常接触熏染动物的人群危害标记为“低至中度” 。相关权威机构会按期评估病例数目和危害水平 。
——首席手艺官 邵彩梅
文/荷兰皇家德赫斯公司驻必发365手艺总监
Jan Cortenbach
翻译/总部高级研发司理 张鑫
Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease primarily found in birds. The first cases of low pathogenic AI (LPAI) were already reported in 1960, and the highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) was first reported in 1996 in geese in China. Sometimes the virus also infects mammals. Avian influenza affects the respiratory (nose, mouth, and airways), digestive, and/or nervous systems. The disease occurs in poultry raised on farms (like chickens, ducks, and turkeys) and nearly all species of birds found in the wild, including ducks, doves, pigeons, geese, seagulls, and storks. Birds of prey and other predators can also contract the virus by eating birds that fell ill or died of avian flu.
禽流感（Avian Influenza, AI）是一种主要在鸟类中撒播的高度熏染性疾病 。低致病性禽流感（Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza, LPAI）的首例病例早在1960年就有报道 ，而高致病性禽流感（Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI）则于1996年首次在中国鹅群中被报出 。该病毒有时也会熏染哺乳动物 。禽流感主要影响呼吸系统（鼻、口腔和呼吸道）、消化系统或神经系统 。该疾病多发于农场饲养的家禽（如鸡、鸭和火鸡） ，以及险些所有野生鸟类 ，包括鸭、鸽子、鹅、海鸥和鹳等 。猛禽和其它捕食性动物也可能通过食用患病或死于禽流感的鸟类而熏染该病毒 。
Avian influenza can spread via direct contact between animals (live bird) markets, droppings of infected (wild) birds, or dust in the air of infected farms. AI mainly occurs in autumn and winter, when wild birds are mitigating. As expected, more and more AI infections have been identified over the last few weeks in different European regions. The virus was found in both wild birds and commercially kept poultry. The pressure of infection is expected to systematically increase over the next weeks. Due to lower temperatures, higher humidity, and foggy weather, viruses have a longer survival time and are more easily introduced into poultry houses.
禽流感可以通过以下途径撒播：动物之间的直接接触（如活禽市 。 ，患 。ㄒ吧┠窭嗟姆啾 ，或疫区农场空气中的粉尘 。禽流感主要爆发在秋季和冬季 ，此时野生鸟类正在迁徙 。正如预期的那样 ，已往几周在欧洲差别地区发明了越来越多的禽流感熏染病例 。该病毒在野生鸟类和商业化饲养的家禽中均有发明 。预计在未来几周内 ，熏染危害将系统性增添 。由于气温降低、湿度增添以及多雾天气 ，病毒的存活时间延伸 ，并且更容易传入禽舍 。
As mentioned before, there are two main types of avian influenza, HPAI and LPAI. HPAI is deadly to birds, while LPAI causes several severe symptoms, like tremors, swollen sinuses, decreased weight, and egg production (amongst others). The main concern for LPAI is that it evolves to the HPAI. Since commercial poultry farms usually keep the birds close together, AI outbreaks at such locations affect many birds at once. Wild birds can also contract the highly pathogenic AI variants, which cause a higher risk of HPAI infections at farms located close to rivers and wetland areas.
如前所述 ，禽流感主要有两种类型：HPAI和LPAI 。HPAI对鸟类具有致命性 ，而LPAI则会引起一系列严重症状 ，如震颤、鼻窦肿胀、体重下降和产蛋量镌汰等 。LPAI的主要危害在于其可能演变为HPAI 。由于商业化养禽场通常是麋集饲养 ，一旦爆发疫情将连忙爆发大宗病例 。野生鸟类也可能熏染高致病性禽流感病毒 ，这增添了靠近河流和湿地地区的农场爆发HPAI熏染的危害 。
Avian influenza: Risk for zoonosis?
Avian influenza can be transmitted from birds to mammals (including humans) mainly in two ways:
Directly from birds or contaminated environments
A. The highest risk applies to mammals that eat infected birds, for example, foxes, raccoons, and cats.
B. Through an intermediate host, such as another mammal
禽流感：人畜共患病的危害
禽流感可以从禽类撒播给哺乳动物（包括人类） ，主要通过以下两种途径：
直接来自禽类或受污染的情形
A.最高危害群体是那些食用熏染禽类的哺乳动物 ，例如狐狸、浣熊和猫 。
B.通过中心宿主 ，例如另一只哺乳动物 。
In North America, AI has been reported in several dairy herds. Infection in cattle appears to be centered in the udder. The raw milk from infected cows contained high viral loads, indicating a potential route of transmission via milk and milking procedures (rather than respiratory as in birds). Pasteurization inactivates the virus. Apart from cattle, there are cases reported in other mammalian species, like foxes, alpacas, and minks. There is no evidence that AI can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of any commercially available food products including contaminated poultry products. Safe handling of raw meat and other raw food ingredients, thorough cooking, and good kitchen hygiene can prevent or reduce the risks of contaminated food.
在北美 ，多个奶牛群被报道出熏染了禽流感 。牛熏染病毒的部位主要集中在乳房 。熏染奶牛的生乳中含有高病毒载量 ，批注禽流感病毒可能通过奶水或挤奶流程而撒播（与鸟类主要通过呼吸道撒播差别） 。巴氏杀菌可以灭活病毒 。除了牛之外 ，其它哺乳动物（如狐狸、羊驼和水貂）也有熏染病例报告 。现在没有证据批注禽流感可以通过食用任何市售食物（包括受污染的禽类产品）撒播给人类 。准确处置惩罚生肉和其他生食质料、彻底烹饪以及优异的厨房卫生习惯可以预防或降低食物受污染的危害 。
In Q4 of 2024, 56 new cases of AI infection in humans were reported worldwide. Most of these cases had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle before virus detection or onset of illness. In case a human does get infected with AI, symptoms are generally mild. These symptoms can include a fever, headache, muscle ache, coughing, and eye inflammation. Sometimes AI in humans results in severe illness with pneumonia, shortness of breath, and even fatalities. These cases mainly occur in Asia.
2024年第四序度 ，全球报告了56例新的人类熏染禽流感病例 。大大都病例在病毒检测或发病前曾接触过家禽、活禽市场或奶牛 。人类熏染禽流感后 ，症状通常较轻 ，可能包括发热、头痛、肌肉酸痛、咳嗽和眼部炎症 。在某些情形下 ，人类熏染禽流感可能导致严重疾病 ，如肺炎、呼吸急促 ，甚至殒命 。这些严重病例主要爆发在亚洲地区 。
Human infections with AI remain rare and so far, no human-to-human transmission has been identified. With the extensive circulation of AI viruses in bird populations globally, sporadic transmission to humans is likely to continue occurring in settings where people are exposed to infected animals or their environment without appropriate protective equipment. Viruses are also sequenced and genetic changes that may alter zoonotic potential or susceptibility are monitored. Research has shown that the avian influenza virus binds to the avian receptor (α2,3 sialic acids) and not the receptor used by human seasonal influenza (α2,6 sialic acids). This is one of the explanations why the virus is species-specific and not dangerous to humans. Several authorities, like WHO, EFSA, and FAO have marked the risk as ‘low’ for the general public and ‘low-to-moderate’ for those who are regularly exposed to infected animals. The number of cases and risks are assessed on a regular basis by the authorities.
人类熏染禽流感的情形仍然有数 ，且迄今为止尚未发明人际撒播 。随着禽流感病毒在全球鸟类种群中的普遍撒播 ，在人们未使用适当防护装备的情形下接触熏染动物或其情形时 ，可能会继续爆发零星的撒播事务 。对病毒基因举行了测序 ，并监测可能改变人畜共患病潜力或易感性的基因转变 。研究批注 ，禽流感病毒与禽类受体（α2,3唾液酸）连系 ，而非人类季节性流感病毒使用的受体（α2,6唾液酸） 。这是该病毒具有物种特异性且对人类没有危险的缘故原由之一 。
包括天下卫生组织（WHO）、欧洲食物清静局（EFSA）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）在内的多家权威机构已将禽流感对通俗公众的危害标记为“低” ，而对经常接触熏染动物的人群的危害标记为“低至中度” 。相关机构会按期评估病例数目和危害水平 。
What can be done to prevent avian influenza on poultry farms?
Biosecurity remains a key factor in preventing HPAI virus introduction from wild birds into poultry farms and further between-farm spread. Several important aspects are like employees and visitors, hygiene, feed and feed delivery, cleaning, and disinfection should be taken into account. For biosecurity, it is very important to avoid contact with other birds outside of the farm. Sharing farm equipment and personnel should be avoided or at least kept to a minimum. Furthermore, when new cases are reported, the local authority can govern an obligation to keep all poultry/bird types housed inside (both commercial and backyard). In some countries, the authority follows a ‘stamp-out strategy’ when AI is present on a poultry farm. All animals located at that farm and within a 1 km zone of neighboring farms are culled according to a strict protocol. Furthermore, a 3 km protection zone and 10 km surveillance zone are applied for several weeks. This should prevent further outbreaks from that farm. Vaccination is one of the additional measures to protect birds against AI.
怎样预防禽流感在家禽养殖场的撒播？
生物清静仍然是避免HPAI病毒从野生鸟类传入家禽养殖场以及在养殖场之间进一步撒播的要害因素 。以下几个主要方面需要思量：员工和访客治理、卫生情形、饲料及饲料运输、清洁和消毒等 。在生物清静方面 ，阻止与养殖场外的其他鸟类接触至关主要 。应阻止共享养殖装备及职员 ，或至少将其控制在最低限度 。别的 ，当有新病例报告时 ，地方政府可以划定将所有家禽/鸟类（包括商业养殖和家庭散养）圈养在室内 。在某些国家 ，当禽流感泛起在家禽养殖场时 ，政府会接纳“扑杀战略”（stamp-out strategy） 。凭证严酷协议 ，对熏染农场及其周边1公里规模内的相近农场的所有动物举行扑杀 。同时 ，还会实验为期数周的3公里；で10公里监控区步伐 ，以避免疫情进一步扩散 。疫苗接种是；ぜ仪菝馐芮萘鞲兴鸷Φ奶厥獠椒ブ 。
Currently, egg-laying birds in Asia, including China are already vaccinated against AI, but the vaccine has not been approved in the EU yet. The EU is also developing and evaluating AI vaccines. The first results from a field study are promising, as they show no transmission of the virus to the vaccinated treatment group. The first pilot studies on commercial farms with vaccines are expected soon.
现在 ，亚洲地区（包括中国）的蛋鸡已经接种了禽流感疫苗 ，但该疫苗尚未在欧盟获得批准 。欧盟也在开发和评估禽流感疫苗 。一项田间研究的起源效果显示出优异远景 ，研究批注接种疫苗组未爆发病毒撒播 。预计不久将在商业化养殖场开展首批疫苗试点研究 。
